Izvorni kôd stranice Fizika

[[Datoteka:CollageFisica.jpg|300px|thumb|Različiti primjeri fizikalnih fenomena.]]

'''Fizika''' ([[Grčki jezik|grč.]] φυσική (ἐπιστήμη) ''phusikḗ (epistḗmē)'' "poznavanje prirode"; φύσις, ''phúsis'' "priroda"<ref name="etymonline-physics">{{cite web |title=physics |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=physics&allowed_in_frame=0 |publisher=[[Online Etymology Dictionary]]}}</ref><ref name="etymonline-physic">{{cite web |title=physic |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=physic&allowed_in_frame=0 |publisher=[[Online Etymology Dictionary]]}}</ref>) je [[Prirodne nauke|prirodna nauka]] koja uključuje proučavanje [[materija|materije]]<ref name="feynmanleightonsands1963-atomic">At the start of ''[[The Feynman Lectures on Physics]]'', [[Richard Feynman]] offers the [[Atomic theory|atomic hypothesis]] as the single most prolific scientific concept: "If, in some cataclysm, all [] scientific knowledge were to be destroyed [save] one sentence&nbsp;[...] what statement would contain the most information in the fewest words? I believe it is&nbsp;[...] that ''all things are made up of atoms&nbsp;– little particles that move around in perpetual motion, attracting each other when they are a little distance apart, but repelling upon being squeezed into one another''&nbsp;..." {{harv|Feynman|Leighton|Sands|1963|p=I-2}}</ref> i njenog [[Kretanje|kretanja]] kroz [[Prostorvrijeme|prostor i vrijeme]], zajedno sa povezanim pojmovima kao što su [[energija]] i [[sila]].<ref name="maxwell1878-physicalscience">"Physical science is that department of knowledge which relates to the order of nature, or, in other words, to the regular succession of events." {{harv|Maxwell|1878|p=9}}</ref> Jedna od najosnovnijih naučnih disciplina i glavni cilj fizike je shvatiti ponašanje [[svemir]]a.{{efn|The term 'universe' is defined as everything that physically exists: the entirety of space and time, all forms of matter, energy and momentum, and the physical laws and constants that govern them. However, the term 'universe' may also be used in slightly different contextual senses, denoting concepts such as the [[cosmos]] or the [[World (philosophy)|philosophical world]].}}<ref name="youngfreedman2014p1">"Physics is one of the most fundamental of the sciences. Scientists of all disciplines use the ideas of physics, including chemists who study the structure of molecules, paleontologists who try to reconstruct how dinosaurs walked, and climatologists who study how human activities affect the atmosphere and oceans. Physics is also the foundation of all engineering and technology.  No engineer could design a flat-screen TV, an interplanetary spacecraft, or even a better mousetrap without first understanding the basic laws of physics. (...) You will come to see physics as a towering achievement of the human intellect in its quest to understand our world and ourselves.{{harvnb|Young|Freedman|2014|p=1}}</ref><ref name="youngfreedman2014p2">"Physics is an experimental science. Physicists observe the phenomena of nature and try to find patterns that relate these phenomena."{{harvnb|Young|Freedman|2014|p=2}}</ref><ref name="holzner2003-physics">"Physics is the study of your world and the world and universe around you." {{harv|Holzner|2006|p=7}}</ref>

Fizika je jedna od najstarijih [[Akademska diciplina|akademskih discilina]], možda i najstarija ukoliko joj se priključi i [[astronomija]].<ref name="krupp2003">{{harvnb|Krupp|2003}}</ref> U posljednja dva milenijuma, fizika je dio [[Filozofija prirode|prirodne filozofije]] zajedno sa [[Hemija|hemijom]], [[Biologija|biologijom]], i pojedinim granama [[Matematika|matematike]], ali tokom [[Naučna revolucija|naučne revolucije]] u 17. stoljeću, [[prirodne nauke]] su postale sopstveni jedinstveni [[Istraživanje|istraživački]] programi.{{efn|[[Francis Bacon]]'s 1620 ''[[Novum Organum]]'' was critical in the [[History of scientific method|development of scientific method]].}} Fizika se preklapa sa mnogim [[Interdisciplinarnost|interdisciplinarnim]] područjima istraživanja, kao što su [[biofizika]] i [[kvantna hemija]], i granice fizike nisu [[Problem razgraničenosti|strogo definisane]]. Nove ideje u fizici često objašnjavaju temeljne mehanizme drugih nauka<ref name="youngfreedman2014p1" /> i time se otvaraju novi putevi istraživanjima u područjima kao što su matematika i [[filozofija]].

Fizika pravi značajan doprinos i kroz dostignuća u [[Tehnologija|tehnologiji]] koja proizilaze iz teorijskih otkrića. Na primjer, napredak u razumijevanju [[Elektromagnetizam|elektromagnetizma]] ili [[Nuklearna fizika|nuklearne fizike]] je direktno doveo do razvoja novih proizvoda koji su značajno transformisala [[društvo]] modernog doba, kao što si [[televizija]], [[računar]]i, [[kućanski aparati]] i [[Nuklearno oružje|nuklearna oružja]];<ref name="youngfreedman2014p1" /> napredak u [[Termodinamika|termodinamici]] je doveo do razvoja  [[Industrijalizacija|industrijalizacije]], i napreci u [[Mehanika|mehanici]] su inspirisali razvoj [[kalkulus]]a.

== Historija ==

{{Glavni|Historija Fizike}}

Od davnina su ljudi pokušavali pojmiti ponašanje i osobine materije, zašto objekti padaju na zemlju kada izgube oslonac, zašto različiti materijali imaju različite osobine, i slično. Tajnovita je bila i priroda [[svemir]]a, kao naprimjer oblik [[zemlja (planeta)|Zemlje]], ponašanje i kretanje [[sunce|Sunca]] i [[Mjesec (satelit)|Mjeseca]]. Mnoštvo teorija je pokušavalo da objasni te pojave, i većina od njih na pogrešan način, jer nikada nisu bile potvrđene ogledom. Ipak postojalo je nekoliko izuzetaka, kao naprimjer [[Arhimed]]a koji je izveo nekoliko značajnih i tačnih zakona mehanike i [[Hidrostatika|hidrostatike]].

Tokom kasnog [[16. vijek]]a, [[Galileo Galilei|Galileo]] je uveo oglede kao način testiranja fizikalnih teorija i on je uspješno formulisao i ogledima potvrdio nekoliko zakona [[dinamika|dinamike]] kao što je [[inercija|zakon o tromosti]]. [[1687]]. godine, [[Isaac Newton|Newton]] je objavio ''[[Principia Mathematica]]'', u kojoj je detaljno izložio dva zakona: [[Newtonovi zakoni kretanja]], na kojim počiva [[klasična mehanika]]; i [[Gravitacija|Newtonov Zakon Gravitacije]], koji opisuje [[osnovna sila|osnovnu silu]] [[Gravitacija|gravitacije]]. Obje ove teorije su se slagale sa izvršenim ogledima. Klasičnoj mehanici su također značajno doprinijeli [[Joseph-Louis de Lagrange|Lagrange]], [[William Rowan Hamilton|Hamilton]], i drugi, koji su otkrili nove forumlacije, principe i rezultate. Zakon gravitacije je potakao i razvoj [[astrofizika|astrofizike]], koji opisuje[[astronomija|astronomske]] pojave fizikalnim teorijama.

Od [[18. vijek]]a pa nadalje, [[termodinamika]] je doživjela značajna otkrića koja su imali [[Robert Boyle|Boyle]], [[Thomas Young|Young]], i mnogi drugi. [[1733]]. godine, [[Daniel Bernoulli|Bernoulli]] je koristio statističke metode sa klasičnom mehanikom da bi izveo termodinamičke rezultate, inicirajući time razvoj [[statistička mehanika]]. [[1798]]. godine, [[Benjamin Thompson|Thompson]] je demonstrirao pretvaranje mehaničkog rada u toplotu, a [[1847]]. [[James Joule|Joule]] je formulisao zakon o održanju energije, bilo u obliku toplote ili mehaničke energije.

[[Elektricitet]] i [[magnetizam]] su proučavali [[Michael Faraday|Faraday]], [[Georg Ohm|Ohm]], i drugi. [[1855]]. godine, [[James Maxwell|Maxwell]] je ujedinio ove dvije pojave u jedinstvenu teoriju [[elektromagnetizam]], i opisao je [[Maxwellove jednačine|Maxwellovim jednačinama]]. Ova teorija je pretpostavljala da je [[svjetlost]] [[elektromagnetno zračenje|elektromagnetni talas]].

[[1895]]. godine, [[Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen|Roentgen]] je otkrio [[X-zraci|X-zrake]], koji su bili elektromagnetno zračenje visoke frekvencije. [[Radioaktivnost]] je otkrio [[1896]]. [[Henri Becquerel]], a dalje su je proučavali [[Pierre Curie]] i [[Marie Curie]] i drugi. Ovo je postavilo temelje polju [[nuklearna fizika]].

[[1897]]. godine, [[Joseph John Thomson|Thomson]] je otkrio [[elektron]], osnovnu česticu nosioca naelektrisanja. [[1904]]. godine predložio je prvi model atoma. (Postojanje atoma datira još u [[1808]]. godini, kada ga je predložio [[John Dalton|Dalton]].)

[[1905]]. godine, [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]] je uobličio [[teorija relativnosti|teoriju relativiteta]], ujedinjavajući prostor i [[vrijeme]] u jedinstven entitet.

[[1911]]. godine, [[Ernest Rutherford|Rutherford]] je iz ogleda o rasipanju izveo postojanje kompaktnog atomskog jezgra, sa pozitivno naelektrisanim jedinicama [[proton]]ima. [[Neutron]]i, neutralno naelektrisane čestice, je [[1932]]. otkrio [[James Chadwick|Chadwick]].

Početkom [[1900]]. godine, [[Max Planck|Planck]], [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]], [[Niels Bohr|Bohr]], i drugi su razvili [[kvantne]] teorije da bi objasnili anomalije u eksperimentalnim rezultatima, te su tada uveli pojam diskretnih energetskih nivoa. [[1925]]. godine, [[Werner Heisenberg|Heisenberg]] i [[Erwin Schrodinger|Schrodinger]] su formulisali [[kvantna mehanika|kvantnu mehaniku]], koja je objasnila prethodne kvantne teorije. U kvantnoj mehanici, ishod fizičkog mjerenja podliježu [[zakon vejerovatnoće|zakonu vjerovatnoće]]; teorija je opisala izračunavanje ovih vjerovatnoća.

Kvantna mehanika je također razvila teoretske alate za [[fizika čvrstih tijela|fiziku čvrstih tijela]], koja izučava fizička svojstva čvrstih tijela i tekućina, uključujući pojave kao [[kristalna struktura|kristalne strukture]], [[poluvodljivost]] i [[supravodljivost]]. Među pionire ovog polja fizike spada [[Felix Bloch|Bloch]], koji je opisao ponašanje elektrona u kristalnim strukturama [[1928]]. godine.

Tokom [[Drugi svjetski rat|Drugog svjetskog rata]], sve zaraćene strane su vršile istraživanja u [[nuklearna fizika|nuklearnoj fizici]], želeći da načine [[nuklearno oružje|nuklearnu bombu]]. Njemački napori koje je predvodio [[Heisenberg]], nisu uspjeli, ali je savznički [[Manhattan projekt]] ostvario cilj. U Americi, tim predvođen [[Enrico Fermi|Fermijem]] je ostvario prvu vještački proizvedenu [[nuklearna lančana reakcija|nuklearnu lančanu reakciju]] [[1942]]. godine, a [[1945]]. prva nuklearna eksplozija je izvedena u [[Alamagordo]], [[New Mexico]].

[[Kvantna teorija polja]] je formulisana da bi obezbijedila konzistentnost kvantne mehanike i posebne teorije relativnosti. Svoj moderni oblik je dosegla u kasnim [[1940]]. radovima [[Richard Feynman|Feynmana]], [[Julian Schwinger|Schwingera]], [[Tomonaga]], i [[Freeman Dyson|Dysona]]. Oni su formulisali teoriju [[kvantna elektrodinamika|kvantne elektrodinamike]], koja opisuje elektromagnetne interakcije.

Kvantna teorija polja je obezbijedila okvir za modernu [[teorija čestica|teoriju čestica]], koja izučava [[osnovna sila|osnovne sile]] i osnovne čestice. [[1954]]. godine, [[Yang Chen Ning|Yang]] i [[Robert Mills|Mills]] su postavili temelje koji su doveli do [[standardni model|standardnog modela]], koji je upotpunjen [[1970.]] godine, i uspješno opisuje sve do sada poznate čestice.

== Također pogledajte ==
{{Portal|Fizika}}

{{Col-begin}}{{Col-break}}
;Opće
* [[Rječnik klasične fizike]]
* [[Rječnik fizike]]
* [[Indeks fizičkih članaka]]
* [[Spisak osnovnih fizičkih formula]], [[Elementarne fizičke formule]]
* [[Spisak značajnih publikacija u fizici]]
* [[Spisak fizičara]]
* [[Spisak fizičkih koncepata u nastavnom planu osnovnih i srednjih škola]]
* [[Obrisi fizike]]
* [[Fizika na terenu]]
* [[Savršenstvo#Fizika i hemija|Savršenstvo u fizici i hemiji]]
* [[Odnos između matematike i fizike]]
* [[Hronologija razvoja u teorijskoj fizici]]
* [[Hronologija otkrića fundamentalne fizike]]

;Glavne grane
* [[Klasična mehanika]]
* [[Elektromagnetizam]]
* [[Moderna fizika]]
* [[Optika]]
* [[Termodinamika]]

{{Col-break}}

;Srodne oblasti
* [[Astronomija]]
* [[Hemija]]
* [[Inžinjerstvo]]
* [[Matematika]]
* [[Kosmologija]]

;Interdisciplinarna polja koja uključuju fiziku
* [[Akustika]]
* [[Biofizika]]
* [[Econofizika]]
* [[Geofizika]]
* [[Nanotehnologija]]
* [[Neurofizika]]
* [[Psihofizika]]
{{Col-end}}

== Bilješke ==
{{notelist}}

== Reference ==
{{Refspisak|30em}}

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* {{cite book
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* {{cite book
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* {{cite web
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* {{cite web
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{{Refend}}

== Vanjski linkovi ==
{{Commonscat|Physics}}
{{Wikirječnik|fizika}}

'''Opće'''
<!--Please do not post more links here, they will be taken down as link spam!!-->
* [http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Encyclopedia_of_physics Encyclopedia of Physics] at [[Scholarpedia]]
* de Haas, Paul, {{Wayback|url=http://home.tiscali.nl/physis/HistoricPaper/|title=Historic Papers in Physics (20th Century)|date=20090826083339}}
* [http://www.physicscentral.com/ PhysicsCentral] – Web portal run by the [http://www.aps.org/ American Physical Society]
* [http://www.physics.org/ Physics.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040902123039/http://physics.org/ |date=2. 9. 2004 }} – Web portal run by the [http://www.iop.org/ Institute of Physics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521010833/http://www.iop.org/ |date=21. 5. 2019 }}
* [http://musr.physics.ubc.ca/~jess/hr/skept/ ''The Skeptic's Guide to Physics''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207124645/http://musr.physics.ubc.ca/~jess/hr/skept/ |date=7. 2. 2016 }}
* [http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/ Usenet Physics FAQ] – A FAQ compiled by sci.physics and other physics newsgroups
* [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/ Website of the Nobel Prize in physics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116180111/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/ |date=16. 1. 2009 }}
* [http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/ World of Physics]  An online encyclopedic dictionary of physics
* [http://www.nature.com/naturephysics ''Nature'': Physics]
* [http://physics.aps.org/ Physics] announced 17 July 2008 by the [[American Physical Society]]
* {{dmoz|/Science/Physics/Publications/|Physics/Publications}}
* [http://physicsworld.com/ Physicsworld.com] – News website from [http://publishing.iop.org/ Institute of Physics Publishing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712050838/http://publishing.iop.org/ |date=12. 7. 2012 }}
* [http://physlib.com/ Physics Central] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624055123/http://physlib.com/ |date=24. 6. 2013 }} – includes articles on astronomy, particle physics, and mathematics.
* [http://www.vega.org.uk/ The Vega Science Trust] – science videos, including physics
* [https://archive.org/details/JustinMorganPhysicsLightningTour/ Video: Physics "Lightning" Tour with Justin Morgan]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130322020457/http://www.learner.org/resources/series42.html 52-part video course: The Mechanical Universe...and Beyond] Note: also available at [https://web.archive.org/web/20121027101214/http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-6774539130229106025 01 – Introduction] at [[Google Videos]]
* [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/hframe.html HyperPhysics website] – [[HyperPhysics]], a physics and astronomy mind-map from [[Georgia State University]]

'''Organizacije'''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041012041319/http://www.aip.org/index.html AIP.org] – Website of the [[American Institute of Physics]]
* [http://www.aps.org/ APS.org] – Website of the [[American Physical Society]]
* [http://www.iop.org/ IOP.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521010833/http://www.iop.org/ |date=21. 5. 2019 }} – Website of the [[Institute of Physics]]
* [http://planetphysics.org/ PlanetPhysics.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225121156/http://planetphysics.org/ |date=25. 2. 2009 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050604075524/http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/ Royal Society] – Although not exclusively a physics institution, it has a strong history of physics
* [http://www.spsnational.org/ SPS National] – Website of the [[Society of Physics Students]]

{{Fundamentalne interakcije}}
{{Grane fizike}}
{{Prirodne nauke}}

[[Kategorija:Fizika| ]]
[[Kategorija:Prirodne nauke]]