Izvorni kôd stranice Aromataza

{{Infokutija gen}}
'''Aromataza''', također zvana i '''estrogen-sintetaza''' ili '''estrogen-sintaza''', je [[enzim]] odgovoran za ključni korak u [[biosinteza|biosintezi]] [[estrogen]]a. To je '''CYP19A1''', član superporodice [[citohrom P450]] (EC broj | 1.14.14.1), u kojoj su [[monooksigenaza|monooksigenaze]] – [[katalizator]]i mnogih reakcije, uključenih u [[steroidogeneza|steroidogenezu]]. Aromataza je posebno odgovorna za [[aroatizacija|aromatizaciju]] [[androgen]]a u [[estrogen]]e. Enzim aromataza može se naći u mnogim tkivima, uključujući [[gonada|gonade]]  ([[granulozns ćelija|granulozne ćelije]], [[mozak]], [[masno tkivo]], [[placenta]], [[krvni sud]]ovi, [[koža]] i [[kost]]i, kao i u tkivima [[endometrioza|endometrioze]], [[miom maternice|mioma maternice]], [[rak dojke|raka dojke]] i [[rak endometrija|raka endometrija]]. Važan je faktor u [[spolni razvoj|seksualnom razvoju]].

== Funkcija == 
Aromataza je lokalizirana u [[endoplazmatski retikulum|endoplazmatskom retikulumu]], gdje se regulira tkivno specifičnim  [[promotor (biologija)|promotorima]] koje zauzvrat kontroliraju [[hormon]]i, [[citokin]]i i drugi činitelji. Katalizira posljednje korake biosinteze estrogena iz androgena (konkretno, pretvara [[androstenedion]] u [[estron]] i [[testosteron]] u [[estradiol]]). Ovi koraci uključuju tri uzastopne [[hidroksilacija|hidroksilacije]] 19-metilne grupee androgena, nakon čega slijedi istodobno uklanjanje metilne grupe, kao [[mravlja kiselina|formata]] i aromatizacija A-prstena. 
:'''Androstenedion''' + 3O<sub>2</sub> + 3NADPH + 3H<sup>+</sup> <math>\rightleftharpoons</math> '''Estron''' + Format + 4H<sub>2</sub>O + 3NADP<sup>+</sup>
:'''Testosteron''' + 3O<sub>2</sub> + 3NADPH + 3H<sup>+</sup> <math>\rightleftharpoons</math> '''17β-estradiol''' + Format + 4H<sub>2</sub>O + 3NADP<sup>+</sup>
{|
| | [[Slika:Testosterone estradiol conversion.png|thumb|500px| Opća reakcija za pretvorbu [[testosteron]]a u [[estradiol]], katalizirana aromatazom. Steroidi se sastoje od četiri spojena [[ciklički spoj|prstena]] (označeni A-D). Aromataza pretvara prsten s oznakom "A" u [[aromatičnost|aromatsko]] stanje.]]
|-
| [[Slika:Aromatase mechanism.png|thumb|500px| Katalitski mehanizam aromataze. [[Metil]] grupa je [[redoks|oksidirana]], a zatim [[reakcija eliminacije|eliminirana]].<ref name="Vaz_2003">{{cite book | vauthors =  Vaz AD | veditors = Fisher M, Lee JK, Obach RE | title = Drug metabolizing enzymes: cytochrome P450 and other enzymes in drug discovery and development | url =  https://archive.org/details/drugmetabolizing0000unse | publisher = FontisMedia SA | location = Lausanne, Switzerland | year = 2003 | chapter = Chapter 1: Cytochrome activation by cytochromes P450: a role for multiple oxidants in the oxidation of substrates | isbn = 978-0-8247-4293-5 }}</ref>]]
|}

== Ispoljavanje==
Aromataza se izražava u [[gonada]]ma, [[posteljica|posteljici]], [[mozak|mozgu]], [[masno tkivo|masnom tkivu]], [[kost]]ima i drugim [[tkivo|tkivima]].  Gotovo se ne može otkriti u [[jetra|jetri]] odraslog čovjeka.<ref name="pmid23930207">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hata S, Miki Y, Saito R, Ishida K, Watanabe M, Sasano H | title = Aromatase in human liver and its diseases | journal = Cancer Med | volume = 2 | issue = 3 | pages = 305–15 | date = juni 2013 | pmid = 23930207 | pmc = 3699842 | doi = 10.1002/cam4.85 }}</ref>

== Genomika ==
{{glavni|Genomika}}
Odgovarajući [[gen]] eksprimira dvije varijante prijepisa (transkripta).<ref>{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: CYP19A1 cytochrome P450, family 19, subfamily A, polypeptide 1| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=1588}}</ref> U ljudi, [[gen]] CYP19, koji kodira aromatazu, smješten na [[hromosom 15 (čovjek)|hromosomu 15]], dugi krak:  q21.1.<ref name="pmid8477708">{{cite journal | vauthors = Toda K, Shizuta Y | title = Molecular cloning of a cDNA showing alternative splicing of the 5'-untranslated sequence of mRNA for human aromatase P-450 | journal = European Journal of Biochemistry | volume = 213 | issue = 1 | pages = 383–9 | date = april 1993 | pmid = 8477708 | doi = 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb17772.x }}</ref> Gen ima devet kodirajućih [[egzon]]a i niz alternativnih nekodirajućih prvih egzona koji reguliraju tkivno specifičnu.<ref name="pmid20205115">{{cite journal | vauthors = Czajka-Oraniec I, Simpson ER | title = Aromatase research and its clinical significance | journal = Endokrynologia Polska | volume = 61 | issue = 1 | pages = 126–34 | year = 2010 | pmid = 20205115 }}</ref>

CYP19 prisutan je u rano divergirajućim [[hordati]]ma, [[cefalohordat]]ima [[amfioksus]]u  (floridske [[Lanceleolata]], ''[[lanceolata|Branchiostoma floridae]] ''), ali ne i u ranijim divergentnim [[tunikati]]ma ''[[Ciona intestinalis]]''. Dakle, gen aromataze pojavio se rano u evoluciji hordata i čini se da nije prisutan kod nehordata [[beskičmenjak]]a (npr. [[Insekti]], [[mehkušci]], [[bodljošošci]], [[spužva|morske spužve]], [[koral]] i). Međutim, [[estrogen]]i mogu se sintetizirati u nekim od ovih organizama, drugim nepoznatim putevima.

== Aktivnost ==
Aktivnost aromataze smanjuje se za [[prolaktin]], [[antimüllerov hormon]] i uobičajeni herbicid [[glifosat]].<ref name="pmid19539684">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gasnier C, Dumont C, Benachour N, Clair E, Chagnon MC, Séralini GE | title = Glyphosate-based herbicides are toxic and endocrine disruptors in human cell lines | journal = Toxicology | volume = 262 | issue = 3 | pages = 184–91 | date = august 2009 | pmid = 19539684 | doi = 10.1016/j.tox.2009.06.006 }}</ref>
Aktivnost aromataze pojačana je u određenim estrogen-ovisnim lokalnim tkivima uz tkivo dojke, [[rak endometrija]], [[endometrioza|endometrioze]] i [[miom maternice|mioma maternice]].

== Uloga u određivanju spola ==
Aromataza je općenito vrlo prisutna tokom diferencijacije [[jajnici|jajnika]].<ref name="pmid20623799">{{cite journal | vauthors = Duffy TA, Picha ME, Won ET, Borski RJ, McElroy AE, Conover DO | title = Ontogenesis of gonadal aromatase gene expression in atlantic silverside (Menidia menidia) populations with genetic and temperature-dependent sex determination | journal = Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A | volume = 313 | issue = 7 | pages = 421–31 | date = august 2010 | pmid = 20623799 | doi = 10.1002/jez.612 }}</ref><ref name="pmid19940440">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kohno S, Katsu Y, Urushitani H, Ohta Y, Iguchi T, Guillette LJ | title = Potential contributions of heat shock proteins to temperature-dependent sex determination in the American alligator | journal = Sexual Development | volume = 4 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 73–87 | year = 2010 | pmid = 19940440 | pmc = 2855287 | doi = 10.1159/000260374 }}</ref> Također je osjetljiva na utjecaje okoline, posebno na temperaturu. U vrsta s [[temperatutno-zavisna determinacija spola|određivanjem spola ovisnog o temperaturi]], aromataza se izražava u većim količinama na temperaturama koje daju žensko potomstvo.<ref name = "pmid20623799"/> Unatoč činjenici da podaci sugeriraju temperaturnu kontrolu količine aromataze, druge studije su pokazale da aromataza može nadjačati učinke temperature: ako je izložen većem broju aromataze na temperaturi kod mužjaka, organizam će postati ženka i obratno, ako je izložen manjoj količini aromataze na temperaturama koje proizvode ženke, organizam će razviti mužjaka (vidi [[reverzija spola]]).<ref name = "pmid20623799"/> U organizmima koji se razvijaju genetičkim određivanjem spola, temperatura ne utiče na ekspresiju i funkciju aromataze, što sugerira da je aromataza ciljna molekula temperature za vrijeme TSD <ref name = "pmid20623799" />. Razlikuje se od vrste do vrste da li je to protein aromataza koji ima različitu aktivnost na različitim temperaturama ili je količina transkripcije koju prolazi gen aromataze ono što je osjetljivo na temperaturu, ali u oba slučaja, na različitim temperaturama, opaža se različit razvoj.<ref name="Gilbert_2010">{{cite book | author = Gilbert SF | title = Developmental biology | publisher = Sinauer Associates | location = Sunderland, Mass | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-0-87893-384-6 }}</ref>

== Uloga u neurozaštiti ==
U mozgu, aromataza izražava se obično samo u [[neuron]]ima. Međutim, nakon penetrativne ozljede mozga i [[miš]]a i [[Zeba|zebraste zebe]], pokazalo se da je izražena i u [[astrocit]]ima.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Garcia-Segura LM, Wozniak A, Azcoitia I, Rodriguez JR, Hutchison RE, Hutchison JB | title = Aromatase expression by astrocytes after brain injury: implications for local estrogen formation in brain repair | journal = Neuroscience | volume = 89 | issue = 2 | pages = 567–78 | date = mart 1999 | pmid = 10077336 | doi = 10.1016/s0306-4522(98)00340-6 }}</ref> Također se pokazalo da smanjuje učestalost [[apoptoza]] nakon ozljede mozga u zebrastih zeba.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Saldanha CJ, Rohmann KN, Coomaralingam L, Wynne RD | title = Estrogen provision by reactive glia decreases apoptosis in the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) | journal = Journal of Neurobiology | volume = 64 | issue = 2 | pages = 192–201 | date = august 2005 | pmid = 15818556 | doi = 10.1002/neu.20147 }}</ref> Smatra se da je to posljedica [[neurozaštita|neuroprotektivnog]] djelovanja estrogena, uključujući [[estradiol]]. Istraživanje je pokazalo da su dva proupalna [[citokin]]a, [[porodica interleukina 1|interleukin-1β]] (IL-1β) i [[interleukin-6]] (IL-6) odgovorna za indukciju ekspresije aromataze u astrocitima, nakon penetrativne ozljede mozga kod zebrastih zeba.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Duncan KA, Saldanha CJ | title = Neuroinflammation induces glial aromatase expression in the uninjured songbird brain | journal = Journal of Neuroinflammation | volume = 8 | issue = 81 | pages = 81 | date = juli 2011 | pmid = 21767382 | doi = 10.1186/1742-2094-8-81 | pmc=3158750}}</ref>

== Poremećaji ==

=== Sindrom viška aromataze ===
{{Glavni |Sindrom viška aromataze}}
Brojni istražitelji izvijestili su o prilično rijetkom sindromu prekomjerne aktivnosti aromataze. Kod dječaka stvara [[ginekomastija|ginekomastiju]], a kod djevojčica [[prijevremeni pubertet]] i gigantomastiju. U oba spola, rano [[epifiza|zatvaranje epifize]] dovodi do niskog rasta. Ovo stanje posljedica je  mutacija gena CYP19A1 koji kodira aromatazu.<ref name=Fukami2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fukami M, Shozu M, Ogata T | title = Molecular bases and phenotypic determinants of aromatase excess syndrome | journal = International Journal of Endocrinology | volume = 2012 | pages = 584807 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22319526 | pmc = 3272822 | doi = 10.1155/2012/584807 }}</ref>  Nasljeđuje se kao [[autosom]]no dominantno [[svojstvo]].<ref name=Fukami2011>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fukami M, Shozu M, Soneda S, Kato F, Inagaki A, Takagi H, Hanaki K, Kanzaki S, Ohyama K, Sano T, Nishigaki T, Yokoya S, Binder G, Horikawa R, Ogata T | title = Aromatase excess syndrome: identification of cryptic duplications and deletions leading to gain of function of CYP19A1 and assessment of phenotypic determinants | journal = The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism | volume = 96 | issue = 6 | pages = E1035-43 | date = juni 2011 | pmid = 21470988 | doi = 10.1210/jc.2011-0145 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Pretpostavlja se da su [[faraon]] [[Akhenaten]] i drugi članovi njegove porodice mogli patiti od ovog poremećaja,<ref name=Braverman2009>{{cite journal | vauthors = Braverman IM, Redford DB, Mackowiak PA | title = Akhenaten and the strange physiques of Egypt's 18th dynasty | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 150 | issue = 8 | pages = 556–60 | date = april 2009 | pmid = 19380856 | doi = 10.7326/0003-4819-150-8-200904210-00010 }}</ref> ali novije [[genetičko testiranje]]  sugerira suprotno.<ref name=Seshadri2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Seshadri KG | title = The breasts of Tutankhamun | journal = Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism | volume = 16 | issue = 3 | pages = 429–30 | date = maj 2012 | pmid = 22629513 | pmc = 3354854 | doi = 10.4103/2230-8210.95696 }}</ref> To je jedan od uzroka porodičnog prijevremenog puberteta – stanja koje je prvi put opisano 1937.<ref name=Ziora2006>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ziora K, Oświecimska J, Geisler G, Broll-Waśka K, Szalecki M, Dyduch A | title = [Familial precocious puberty -- a variant of norm or pathology?] | language = pl | journal = Endokrynologia, Diabetologia I Choroby Przemiany Materii Wieku Rozwojowego | volume = 12 | issue = 1 | pages = 53–8 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16704862 }}</ref>

=== Sindrom nedostatka aromataze ===
{{Glavni| Nedostatak aromataze}}
Ovaj sindrom je posljedica mutacije gena CYP19 i nasljeđuje se kao [[autosomno recesivno nasljeđivanje|autosomno recesivno obilježje]]. Akumulacije [[androgen]]a tokom trudnoće mogu dovesti do [[virilizacija|virilizacije]] ženke pri rođenju (to ne utiče na muškarce). Žene će imati primarnu [[amenoreja|amenoreju]]. Osobe oba spola bit će visoke, jer nedostatak estrogena ne dovodi do zatvaranja epifiznih linija.

== Inhibicija aromataze ==
Inhibicija aromataze može uzrokovati [[hipoestrogenizam]] (niska razina estrogena). Utvrđeno je da sljedeći prirodni proizvodi imaju inhibirajući učinak na aromatazu. 
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Apigenin]]<ref name=pmid18690828>{{cite journal | vauthors = Balunas MJ, Su B, Brueggemeier RW, Kinghorn AD | title = Natural products as aromatase inhibitors | journal = Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry | volume = 8 | issue = 6 | pages = 646–82 | date = august 2008 | pmid = 18690828 | pmc = 3074486 | doi = 10.2174/1871520610808060646 }}</ref>
* [[Katehin]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Satoh K, Sakamoto Y, Ogata A, Nagai F, Mikuriya H, Numazawa M, Yamada K, Aoki N | title = Inhibition of aromatase activity by green tea extract catechins and their endocrinological effects of oral administration in rats | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_food-and-chemical-toxicology_2002-07_40_7/page/n78 | journal = Food and Chemical Toxicology | volume = 40 | issue = 7 | pages = 925–33 | date = juli 2002 | pmid = 12065214 | doi = 10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00066-2 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kapiszewska M, Miskiewicz M, Ellison PT, Thune I, Jasienska G | title = High tea consumption diminishes salivary 17beta-estradiol concentration in Polish women | journal = The British Journal of Nutrition | volume = 95 | issue = 5 | pages = 989–95 | date = maj 2006 | pmid = 16611391 | doi = 10.1079/BJN20061755 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
* [[Halkonoid|Halkoni]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Le Bail JC, Pouget C, Fagnere C, Basly JP, Chulia AJ, Habrioux G | title = Chalcones are potent inhibitors of aromatase and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities | journal = Life Sciences | volume = 68 | issue = 7 | pages = 751–61 | date = januar 2001 | pmid = 11205867 | doi = 10.1016/S0024-3205(00)00974-7 }}</ref>
* [[Eriodiktiol]]<ref name=pmid18690828/>
* [[Hesperetin]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ye L, Chan FL, Chen S, Leung LK | title = The citrus flavonone hesperetin inhibits growth of aromatase-expressing MCF-7 tumor in ovariectomized athymic mice | journal = The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry | volume = 23 | issue = 10 | pages = 1230–7 | date = oktobar 2012 | pmid = 22209285 | doi = 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2011.07.003 }}</ref>
* [[Izolikviritigenin]]<ref name=pmid18690828/>
* [[Mangostin]]<ref name=pmid18690828/>
* [[Miozmin]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Doering IL, Richter E | title = Inhibition of human aromatase by myosmine | journal = Drug Metabolism Letters | volume = 3 | issue = 2 | pages = 83–6 | date = april 2009 | pmid = 19601869 | doi = 10.2174/187231209788654045 }}</ref>
* [[Nikotin]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Biegon A, Kim SW, Logan J, Hooker JM, Muench L, Fowler JS | title = Nicotine blocks brain estrogen synthase (aromatase): in vivo positron emission tomography studies in female baboons | journal = Biological Psychiatry | volume = 67 | issue = 8 | pages = 774–7 | date = april 2010 | pmid = 20188349 | pmc = 2904480 | doi = 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.01.004 }}</ref>
* [[Rezveratrol]]<ref name="pmid16611627">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang Y, Lee KW, Chan FL, Chen S, Leung LK | title = The red wine polyphenol resveratrol displays bilevel inhibition on aromatase in breast cancer cells | journal = Toxicological Sciences | volume = 92 | issue = 1 | pages = 71–7 | date = juli 2006 | pmid = 16611627 | doi = 10.1093/toxsci/kfj190 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
* [[Vitamin E]]<ref name="pmid15084515">{{cite journal | vauthors = Siler U, Barella L, Spitzer V, Schnorr J, Lein M, Goralczyk R, Wertz K | title = Lycopene and vitamin E interfere with autocrine/paracrine loops in the Dunning prostate cancer model | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_faseb-journal_2004-06_18_9/page/1019 | journal = FASEB Journal | volume = 18 | issue = 9 | pages = 1019–21 | date = juni 2004 | pmid = 15084515 | doi = 10.1096/fj.03-1116fje}}</ref>
* [[Cink]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Om AS, Chung KW | title = Dietary zinc deficiency alters 5 alpha-reduction and aromatization of testosterone and androgen and estrogen receptors in rat liver | journal = The Journal of Nutrition | volume = 126 | issue = 4 | pages = 842–8 | date = april 1996 | pmid = 8613886 | doi = 10.1093/jn/126.4.842 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
{{Div col end}}
[[Slika:AromataseMushrooms.jpg|540px|thumb|<center>Inhibicijsko djelovanje ekstrakta nekih gljiva na aromatazu</center>]]
Ekstrakti nekih  pčečurki ([[varijetet]]i „bijelog dugmeta“: '' [[Agaricus bisporus]]''),  [[gljiva]] pokazali su da inhibiraju aromatazu ''[[in vitro]]'' .<ref name="pmid17178902">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chen S, Oh SR, Phung S, Hur G, Ye JJ, Kwok SL, Shrode GE, Belury M, Adams LS, Williams D | title = Anti-aromatase activity of phytochemicals in white button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) | journal = Cancer Research | volume = 66 | issue = 24 | pages = 12026–34 | date = decembar 2006 | pmid = 17178902 | doi = 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-2206 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

=== Farmaceutski inhibitori aromataze ===
{{Glavni |Inhibitor aromataze}}
[[Inhibitor aromataze|Inhibitori aromataze]], koji zaustavljaju proizvodnju estrogena u [[menopauza|postmenopauzi]] žena postali su korisni u liječenju pacijenata s [[rak dojke|karcinomom dojke]] za koje je utvrđeno da su pozitivne za  [[receptor estrogena]].<ref name="urlAromatase Inhibitors">{{cite web | url = http://www.breastcancer.org/treatment/hormonal/aromatase_inhibitors | title = Aromatase Inhibitors | work = Breastcancer.org }}</ref> Inhibitori koji se sada koriste u kliničkoj primjeni uključuju [[anastrozol]], [[eksemestan]] i [[letrozol]]. Inhibitori aromataze također se počinju propisivati za muškarce u [[Androgena nadomjesna terapija|nadomjesnoj terapiji testosteronom]], kao načinom da se razina estrogena ne povisi nakon uvođenja doza testosterona u njihov sistem.

== Također pogledajte== 
* [[Steroidogeni enzIm]]
*[[Enzim]]

== Reference ==
{{Reflist|35em}}

== Dopunska literatura==
{{refbegin|35em}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Attar E, Bulun SE | title = Aromatase inhibitors: the next generation of therapeutics for endometriosis? | journal = Fertility and Sterility | volume = 85 | issue = 5 | pages = 1307–18 | date = maj 2006 | pmid = 16647373 | doi = 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.09.064 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Chen S | title = Aromatase and breast cancer | journal = Frontiers in Bioscience | volume = 3 | issue =  4| pages = d922–33 | date = august 1998 | pmid = 9696881 | doi = 10.2741/A333 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Strobel HW, Thompson CM, Antonovic L | title = Cytochromes P450 in brain: function and significance | journal = Current Drug Metabolism | volume = 2 | issue = 2 | pages = 199–214 | date = juni 2001 | pmid = 11469726 | doi = 10.2174/1389200013338577 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Simpson ER, Clyne C, Rubin G, Boon WC, Robertson K, Britt K, Speed C, Jones M | title = Aromatase--a brief overview | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-physiology_2002_64/page/93 | journal = Annual Review of Physiology | volume = 64 | pages = 93–127 | year = 2002 | pmid = 11826265 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.physiol.64.081601.142703 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Bulun SE, Yang S, Fang Z, Gurates B, Tamura M, Zhou J, Sebastian S | title = Role of aromatase in endometrial disease | journal = The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology | volume = 79 | issue = 1–5 | pages = 19–25 | date = decembar 2001 | pmid = 11850203 | doi = 10.1016/S0960-0760(01)00134-0 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Balthazart J, Baillien M, Ball GF | title = Phosphorylation processes mediate rapid changes of brain aromatase activity | journal = The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology | volume = 79 | issue = 1–5 | pages = 261–77 | date = decembar 2001 | pmid = 11850233 | doi = 10.1016/S0960-0760(01)00143-1 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Richards JA, Petrel TA, Brueggemeier RW | title = Signaling pathways regulating aromatase and cyclooxygenases in normal and malignant breast cells | journal = The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology | volume = 80 | issue = 2 | pages = 203–12 | date = februar 2002 | pmid = 11897504 | doi = 10.1016/S0960-0760(01)00187-X }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Balthazart J, Baillien M, Ball GF | title = Interactions between aromatase (estrogen synthase) and dopamine in the control of male sexual behavior in quail | journal = Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part B, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology | volume = 132 | issue = 1 | pages = 37–55 | date = maj 2002 | pmid = 11997208 | doi = 10.1016/S1096-4959(01)00531-0 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Meinhardt U, Mullis PE | title = The aromatase cytochrome P-450 and its clinical impact | journal = Hormone Research | volume = 57 | issue = 5–6 | pages = 145–52 | year = 2002 | pmid = 12053085 | doi = 10.1159/000058374}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Carreau S, Bourguiba S, Lambard S, Galeraud-Denis I, Genissel C, Levallet J | title = Reproductive system: aromatase and estrogens | journal = Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology | volume = 193 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 137–43 | date = juli 2002 | pmid = 12161013 | doi = 10.1016/S0303-7207(02)00107-7 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Meinhardt U, Mullis PE | title = The essential role of the aromatase/p450arom | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_seminars-in-reproductive-medicine_2002-08_20_3/page/277 | journal = Seminars in Reproductive Medicine | volume = 20 | issue = 3 | pages = 277–84 | date = august 2002 | pmid = 12428207 | doi = 10.1055/s-2002-35374 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Carreau S, Bourguiba S, Lambard S, Galeraud-Denis I | title = [Testicular aromatase] | journal = Journal de la Société de Biologie | volume = 196 | issue = 3 | pages = 241–4 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12462076 | doi =  10.1051/jbio/2002196030241}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Carani C, Fabbi M, Zirilli L, Sgarbi I | title = [Estrogen resistance and aromatase deficiency in humans] | journal = Journal de la Société de Biologie | volume = 196 | issue = 3 | pages = 245–8 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12462077 | doi =  10.1051/jbio/2002196030245}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Kragie L | title = Aromatase in primate pregnancy: a review | journal = Endocrine Research | volume = 28 | issue = 3 | pages = 121–8 | date = august 2002 | pmid = 12489562 | doi = 10.1081/ERC-120015041 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Simpson ER | title = Biology of aromatase in the mammary gland | journal = Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia | volume = 5 | issue = 3 | pages = 251–8 | date = juli 2000 | pmid = 14973387 | doi = 10.1023/A:1009590626450 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Bulun SE, Takayama K, Suzuki T, Sasano H, Yilmaz B, Sebastian S | title = Organization of the human aromatase p450 (CYP19) gene | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_seminars-in-reproductive-medicine_2004-02_22_1/page/5 | journal = Seminars in Reproductive Medicine | volume = 22 | issue = 1 | pages = 5–9 | date = februar 2004 | pmid = 15083376 | doi = 10.1055/s-2004-823022 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Simpson ER | title = Aromatase: biologic relevance of tissue-specific expression | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_seminars-in-reproductive-medicine_2004-02_22_1/page/11 | journal = Seminars in Reproductive Medicine | volume = 22 | issue = 1 | pages = 11–23 | date = februar 2004 | pmid = 15083377 | doi = 10.1055/s-2004-823023 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Bulun SE, Fang Z, Imir G, Gurates B, Tamura M, Yilmaz B, Langoi D, Amin S, Yang S, Deb S | title = Aromatase and endometriosis | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_seminars-in-reproductive-medicine_2004-02_22_1/page/45 | journal = Seminars in Reproductive Medicine | volume = 22 | issue = 1 | pages = 45–50 | date = februar 2004 | pmid = 15083380 | doi = 10.1055/s-2004-823026 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Shozu M, Murakami K, Inoue M | title = Aromatase and leiomyoma of the uterus | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_seminars-in-reproductive-medicine_2004-02_22_1/page/51 | journal = Seminars in Reproductive Medicine | volume = 22 | issue = 1 | pages = 51–60 | date = februar 2004 | pmid = 15083381 | doi = 10.1055/s-2004-823027 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Chen S, Ye J, Kijima I, Kinoshita Y, Zhou D | title = Positive and negative transcriptional regulation of aromatase expression in human breast cancer tissue | journal = The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology | volume = 95 | issue = 1–5 | pages = 17–23 | date = maj 2005 | pmid = 15955695 | doi = 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2005.04.002}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Lambard S, Silandre D, Delalande C, Denis-Galeraud I, Bourguiba S, Carreau S | title = Aromatase in testis: expression and role in male reproduction | journal = The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology | volume = 95 | issue = 1–5 | pages = 63–9 | date = maj 2005 | pmid = 16019206 | doi = 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2005.04.020 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Bulun SE, Imir G, Utsunomiya H, Thung S, Gurates B, Tamura M, Lin Z | title = Aromatase in endometriosis and uterine leiomyomata | journal = The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology | volume = 95 | issue = 1–5 | pages = 57–62 | date = maj 2005 | pmid = 16024248 | doi = 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2005.04.012 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Lambard S, Carreau S | title = Aromatase and oestrogens in human male germ cells | journal = International Journal of Andrology | volume = 28 | issue = 5 | pages = 254–9 | date = oktobar 2005 | pmid = 16128984 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2005.00546.x | doi-access = free }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Ellem SJ, Risbridger GP | title = Aromatase and prostate cancer | journal = Minerva Endocrinologica | volume = 31 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–12 | date = mart 2006 | pmid = 16498360 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Brueggemeier RW, Díaz-Cruz ES | title = Relationship between aromatase and cyclooxygenases in breast cancer: potential for new therapeutic approaches | journal = Minerva Endocrinologica | volume = 31 | issue = 1 | pages = 13–26 | date = mart 2006 | pmid = 16498361 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Jongen VH, Hollema H, Van Der Zee AG, Heineman MJ | title = Aromatase in the context of breast and endometrial cancer. A review | journal = Minerva Endocrinologica | volume = 31 | issue = 1 | pages = 47–60 | date = mart 2006 | pmid = 16498363 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Hiltunen M, Iivonen S, Soininen H | title = Aromatase enzyme and Alzheimer's disease | journal = Minerva Endocrinologica | volume = 31 | issue = 1 | pages = 61–73 | date = mart 2006 | pmid = 16498364 }}
{{refend}}

== Vanjski  linkovi ==
* n:U.S. study of gay sheep may shed light on sexuality|", via WikiNews, 15 August 2005.
* https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?db=hg38&lastVirtModeType=default&lastVirtModeExtraState=&virtModeType=default&virtMode=0&nonVirtPosition=&position=chr15%3A51208057%2D51338596&hgsid=996683881_ajzaeDmb6Of0b3q4jGdjdV5amC0V
*https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgGene?db=hg38&hgg_type=knownGene&hgg_gene=CYP19A1
* {{PDBe-KB2|P11511|Aromatase}}

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